Le rôle de l’expérience dans la pratique philosophique
de Gilles Deleuze.

Abstract

Philosophy, for Gilles Deleuze, is the creation of concepts. Taking the opposing view, the majority of Deleuze’s critics prefer either to universalize the philosopher’s principles or to apply the concepts Deleuze created indiscriminately to any and all phenomenon. This condemns his philosophy to the status of an abstract enterprise when Deleuze sought above all that it be concrete.

The source of this contradiction is simple: his critics overlook the central role that empiricism occupies in his work. Therefore, by disregarding the importance of this philosophical position, which privileges experience, they minimise the role of the latter in Deleuze’s intellectual practice and, consequently, they detach the creation of concepts from the very situations from which they derive their pertinence and necessity.

Contrary to the spirit which animates the principal studies of Deleuze’s philosophy, this thesis has for its objective to demonstrate that it is only by taking into account the singular experiences which gave rise to his concepts that these concepts make sense. Just as it is uniquely in this context that the critiques that Deleuze formulated of different philosophical positions can be understood. In the end these critiques appear both partial and indebted to an experience (aesthetic or otherwise) that disrupts preconceived notions, such that what was in the beginning incomprehensible from a certain perspective becomes suddenly accessible with the creation of a new concept.

To arrive at this conclusion, this thesis has been divided into two parts. The first part deals with the Deleuzian conception of experience. Through a study of two attempts at renewing the empiricist project in the twentieth century – Bergsonism and Phenomenology – Deleuze’s position can be seen as an extension of the argument of Bergson, and thus in opposition to that of Husserl and Sartre. Separated from its preoccupation with Bergsonian ontology, the transcendental empiricism of Deleuze thus appears as a quest for the singular potential of a phenomenon to the detriment of the quest for a common form for all experience.

The second part is focused on four experiences that disrupt preconceived notions and will demonstrate each time the indissoluble link which unites the creation of a concept and its concomitant critique. The first experience consists of a critique of a philosophy of representation that derives from a concept of sensation itself forged in contact with the works of the painter Francis Bacon. The second and third will consist in an interrogation of phenomenology as an effect of the creation of concepts of ‘affection-image’ by way of Ingmar Bergman’s Persona and ‘time-image’ in Alain Resnais’ Hiroshima mon amour. Finally, the fourth will be a critique of the postulates of linguistics derived from the concept of ‘minor literature’ invented to analyse Kafka’s The Trial. In all these cases what is exposed is the essential role of experience in the philosophical practice of Gilles Deleuze.