Pierre Maranda, French Kinship. Structure and History

Carte 1. Formation of the French Territory. Shaded areas are those of feudalities, still powerful at the beginning of the twelfth century; dates are those of incorporation into the national domain. Carte 2. Frérèche de la Baudrière in 1789 (after Bloch [1960] Plate XVIII). The distribution of the frérèche corresponded roughly to the white area in Map 1. Actually, it is attested in costumals and other sources for the following areas: Paris, Anjou, Maine, Loire, Cher, Poitou, Vienne, Bretagne, Flandres, Artois, Pas-de-Calais, Orne, Sologne to Massif Central, Limousin (Godefroy [1889]; Levy [1902]). Carte. 3. Fairs in France (capitalized place names) and in Flanders circa 1114 (based on data contained in Pirenne et al., Economic and Social History, pp. 99-100). Carte 4. The First Communes in France, after Pirenne (1939a) 401. Fig. 0.1 French Society Before (A) and After (B) the Consolidation of Bourgeoisie. Vertical Lines stand for political organization, “X” for family structure: see text. Fig. 1.1. Relations of Opposition between the Four Medieval Social Classes in France (arrows stand for conflict). Fig. 1.2. Inner Stability/Unstability of French Medieval Social Classes. Fig. 1.3. The System's Tensions. Fig. 3.1 The Half-Sibling Relationship Fig. 3.2. Modern French Kinship Terminology (broken line) as Mapped on the Combinatorial Model (solid Line). Consider the number 0.157 geometrically expressed by the distance from the origin 0 to the dotted boundary on the A axis of the parallelogram for Modern French. This number represents the proportion of A relationships, 13 in all (A, AG, G ^–¹A, GA, AG, AS, SA, ASG ^–¹, GSA, GAG ^–¹, ASG₂^–¹, G₂SA, G₂SAG₂^–1) to the total number of elementary relationships in the French system (83-below, Table 3.4) ; the other numbers are computed in the same way. The solid parallelogram represents the combinatorial model. The two are reduced to a common ratio (2.000). Fig. 3.4. Evolution of G and G –1. Relationship from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Century; cf. below, Figure 3.5. Fig. 3.5. Evolution of A Relationships from the Fourteenth-Fifteenth Centuries to Present (female relationships; the term for male half-sibling probably remained constant in a form or another); cf. above, Fig. 3.4. Fig. 3.5a. 9th-13th (broken line) and 14th-20th (dotted line) French Kinship Terminology as Mapped onto the Combinatorial Model (solid line). Fig. 3.6. The Processes of Extension of S, GSG^–1 and GS in French. Fig. 5.1. Folklore and Law in Social Structure. Both folklore and law are related to the social order, the former as a scanning device to explore possibilities, the latter as a steering mechanism to enforce social control. Fig. 5.2. Inheritance by Representation in French Medieval Law. Blackened kinship symbols stand for relatives entitled to succession rights; see text. Table 2.2 The Etymologies of Femina and Femelle from Classical Latin to Modern French (from Wartburg [1963] 26.)